Ecology, spatial distribution, ecological niche modelling and control strategies of Chromolaena odorata and Mesosphaerum suaveolens, two invasive alien species, in the context of climate and global changes in Benin (West Africa)

This study addresses the challenge of two invasive alien species, Chromolaena odorata and Mesosphaerum suaveolens, in central and southern Benin, using six complementary approaches. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature review was conducted to synthesise current knowledge on their ecology and impacts. Their ethnobotanical importance was assessed through structured interviews with 196 respondents across six municipalities. Land use dynamics were analysed with multi-temporal Landsat imagery and field surveys to understand their influence on species distribution. Ecological impacts were evaluated by comparing floristic diversity and natural regeneration in invaded versus non-invaded plots in the Lama Forest. Socio-economic impacts were examined through community surveys focusing on management costs and local perceptions. Ecological niche modelling was used to identify species potential distribution. Results indicate these species are widely used medicinally, spread via human disturbance, significantly reduce native diversity, and impose high management costs for farmers. This integrated approach provides operational tools for monitoring, predictive mapping and adaptive management, suporting sustainable biodiversity conservation.